Nick's+Vocab+Page

Chemistry

atom - the tiny particles that make up all matter

element - there are more than 100 basic kinds of matter called elements. Each element has its own unique kind of atom. The atoms of each element are alike but different from any other element. Atoms make up everything on earth

molecule - 2 or more atoms stick together to form a larger particle, for example H20

compound - a substance made of 2 or more atoms bonded together. They have different properties than the elements that make them. There are millions of compounds all around us. Nacl is an example of a compound. Water, h20 is a compound.

periodic table - a table of atomic elements arranged by atomic number that shows the pattern in their properties.

group - is a column on the periodic table—each element in a group shares similar chemical and physical properties; sometimes called a family of elements.

period - every row is called a period. Properties of elements change in a predictable way from one end of a period to another. As read from left to right one proton and one neutron is added to each.

noble gases - group 18 on the periodic table; 6 elements are called this because they almost never react with other elements. Also known as inert gases for this reason.

proton - the positive charge of an atom - wg: a positively charged particle in the nucleus giving the nucleus an overall positive charge. It has the same relative mass as a neutron and a +1 relative charge. The number of protons determines the atomic number of the element.

neutron - negative charge of an atom wg: an uncharged particle in an atom. It sits in the nucleus. It weighs the same as a proton

electron - negatively charged particle in an atom; is found in the electron cloud of an atom, giving the electron cloud a negative charge. It has a negative 1 charge, and it’s relative mass 1/2000 of a proton or neutron.

atomic number - the number of protons in an atom's nucleus

atomic mass - the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus

isotope - atoms of the same element that have a different number of neutrons (some elements have many isotopes while others have just a few)

ion - is formed when an atom loses or gains one or more electrons. Because the number of electrons is different from the number of protons, an ion does have an overall charge

valence electrons - the number of electrons in the outer ring of the electron cloud

covalent bond - a pair of electrons shared by two atoms. The electrons are attracted to both positively charged nuclei; no ions are formed

ionic bond - the electrical attraction between a negative ion and a positive ion. If sodium lost an electron and bonded with a negative chlorine ion, it bonds to form nacl (salt).

atomic model -

phase change -

physical change - a change in a substance which changes its properties but does not change the substance. An example is a change of state like water, ice, water vapor. Sugar dissolving in water is also a physical change. Tearing a paper is a physical change. Sharpening a pencil.

chemical change - a change in which the atoms are arranged, and creating a new substance. Bonds between atoms are broken and new bonds are formed, forming different substances. Examples: baking soda and vinegar, magnesium and oxygen, photosynthesis, us labs, rusting of metal, making chalk, mozzarella cheese, burning a log, gummy bear reaction

cyclic causality - a process that repeats over and over without a starting or ending point; an example is physical change, or change of state of water, or dissolving salt in water

domino causality - there is a clear stop and start, and the cause of one is the effect of the next, except the last one

mixture - is a combination of substances; the ingredients can be physically separated from each other because they are not chemically changed

suspension - a suspension is a type of mixture (the other type of mixture is a solution). The particles in a suspension are larger than those in a solution which is why it’s often cloudy

solution - a solution is a homogenious mixture that is the same throughout.

catalyst - this speeds up chemical reactions without changing itself

reactants - the substances that are involved and change in the chemical reaction

products - the new substances formed after a chemical reaction

conservation of mass - in a chemical reaction atoms are neither created nor destroyed. All atoms present in the reactants are also present in the products.

Ecology

abiotic - non-living chemical and physical factors in the environment. example=Soil, Water, Sunlight

biotic - related to, produced by, or caused by living things. example=Tree, Plants, Animals

habitat - A place where a species live in their adapted habitat

ecology - The interaction between living things and their physical environment. When working in the stream, we examined the different species of insects. The different chemicals - such as water, nitrogen, oxygen, and chloride - in the stream determined whether certain insects could survive in the stream environment.

ecosystem - A system created between organisms and their physical environment (wind, water, temp, soil, light, etc)

** carbon cycle ** - celllular respiration, photosynthesis, combustion, burning fossil fuels, food chain (cyclic - cycle)

** nitrogen cycle ** - bacteria in soil helps to make the nitrogen usable for plants (cyclic - cycle)

** water cycle **- photosynthesis, transpiration, condensation, evaporation, precipitation (cyclic - cycle)

**producer -** An organism that captures energy and stores it in food as chemical energy. (Plants)

primary consumer - eats the plants and is the food source for the secondary consumer

secondary consumer - eats the primary consumer and is the food source for the tertiary consumer

** tertiary consumer **- top of the food chain and doesn't have many natural pretadors

omnivore - Eats Both and can be a hunter or a scaveger or a passive animal

carnivore - Eat Meat and normaly is a predator or scavenger

herbivore - Eat Veggies and is never a predator

** decomposers **- Organisms that break down dead plant matter into simpler compounds. (mushrooms) decomposers help to recycle matter (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, etc in the ecosystem)

food chain - A chain of the food web that starts with a tertiary consumer and works its way down. It is only 2-4 animals/mammals long.

** food web - ** A model of the feeding relationships between many different consumers and producers in an ecosystem. (more complex) this model is a great example of domino causality and shows the carbon cycle in action in the environment.

** food pyramid - **A model that shows the amount of energy available at each feeding level of an ecosystem.

**domino causality (energy) **- doesn't go back- a one time transfer caused by actions, like a deer being killed by a wolf, it isn't a cycle.

the food chain is a great example, since the energy at the top of the food chain never returns back to the sun.
**cyclic causality (matter) - ** does go back (Cycle)- like the water cycle, i always keeps going, no beginning or end. Matter, such as carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen is constantly recycled in the environment by decomposers like bacteria, worms, and fungi.

** biomes ** - A large area being characterized by different animals. An example of a biome is: Rainforest, desert, grasslands. Certain weather conditions (sun, soil, temp - abiotic) will determine what plants will live in a region. Certain plant life (biotic) will then determine what animals can live in the same region.

** conservation ** - To keep/restore animals in a safe condition and conserve them so that they stay safe.

**endangered species** - A certain type of species (Loggerhead Turtle) that is close to extinction.

** decision making ** ( bear hunt) - When you make a decision you have to be sure that it is the best one. Like in the bear hunt it said choose between killing the bears and not. Many of our classes groups were pro bear hunt. While only 1 was con bear hunt.


 * Energy **

** kinetic energy - something in motion has kinetic energy**

** potential energy - energy about to move. Stored energy. EX: rubber band pulled all the way back on a catapult.**

** chemical energy - is energy stored in the bonds of atoms and molecules. Sugar has chemical energy that is stored in the plant/animal. It's used by the animals that eat the plants and/or animals in the food web.**

** light energy - energy for plants and others** **(photosynthesis)**

** heat energy - energy like solar power, heat waves from sun, etc.**

**Insects**

** Head ** - Front of body of an insect

** Thorax ** - Middle of body of an insect

** Abdomen ** - End of body (Butt) of an insect

** Jointed appendages ** - bodies of arthropods are all jointed for greater flexibility and movement

** Exoskeleton ** - the hard outer shell of an arthropod needs to be replaced (molting) when the animal grows bigger

** Macroinvertebrates ** - Animals without backbones. These animals are than half a millimeter, so you can see them easily with your eyes. Some macro invertebrates include crayfish, scud (crustacea), mayflies, caddisflies, dragonflies (insects) aquatic worms, leeches, (worms) water penny, snails (mollusks)

** Arthropod ** - An invertebrate animal with an exoskeloton, a segmented body and jointed appendages

** Insect ** - A section of the Animila Kingdom (Insecta) of all the orders we learned for our Insect Quiz

** Arachnid ** - the group or arhropods that contains spiders, ticks, mites, and scorpions

** Crustaceans ** - A group of arthropods - many are aquatic - crayfish, shrimp, copopod, crab, lobster

** Millipedes ** - Is an arthropod but is not an insect it has 2 pairs of legs for per segment

** Centipedes ** - Are arthropods but not an insect. It has 1 pair of legs on each body segment. They are carnivores

** Simple metamorphosis ** - A series of developmental changes that has only 3 stages egg, nymph and adult

** Complete metamorphosis ** - The stages of life for certain insects. Egg-Larvae-Pupa-Adult

** Parasite ** - An organism that consumes parts of a larger organism but does not __necessarily__ kill it

** Etymology ** - The study of the history of words

** Entomology ** - the study of insects